Molecular relationships
Mechanisms & Targets
Neutral receptor and molecular-target records linked to published research compounds and verified bibliography.
signaling-pathway
AMPK signaling
A serine/threonine kinase complex that senses low cellular ATP and phosphorylates substrates that increase ATP generation and decrease ATP consumption. Reported as a central mediator of the cellular response to energetic stress and of multiple aspects of mitochondrial homeostasis.
AMP-activated protein kinase · AMPK pathway
receptor
Amylin and calcitonin receptors
The calcitonin receptor, and the amylin receptor complexes it forms when associated with receptor activity-modifying proteins RAMP1, RAMP2 or RAMP3. Because the amylin receptors are heteromers rather than distinct gene products, receptor construct and accessory-protein expression must accompany any selectivity claim; a potency ranking is not transferable between assay systems.
CALCR · CTR · AMY1 · AMY2 · AMY3 · RAMP1 · RAMP2 · RAMP3
receptor
CD36 scavenger receptor
A multifunctional scavenger receptor, distinct from the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, reported as a binding target for certain synthetic secretagogue peptides. It is recorded separately here precisely because collapsing it into the ghrelin-receptor mechanism would erase the finding that these compounds are not pharmacologically interchangeable.
CD36 · FAT · SR-B2
binding-interaction
Cu(II) coordination
Formation of a discrete coordination complex between a peptide ligand and a Cu(II) ion. Spectroscopic study of the glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine complex reports a mononuclear 1:1 species at neutral pH with equatorial nitrogen coordination including the histidyl imidazole. Complex formation changes the molecular formula, mass, and analytical identity of the species relative to the free peptide, and is reversible by competing chelators.
Copper(II) chelation · Copper-peptide complex formation
signaling-pathway
Focal adhesion kinase signaling
A cytoskeletal signaling pathway in which focal adhesion kinase and paxillin phosphorylation coordinate cell adhesion, spreading, and migration.
FAK-paxillin pathway · FAK signaling
binding-interaction
G-actin sequestration
Binding of monomeric globular actin by a peptide ligand, holding it in a form unavailable for filament assembly. Beta-thymosins are reported as the main intracellular G-actin-sequestering peptides in most vertebrate cells, with a dissociation constant in the micromolar range that permits rapid binding and release.
Actin monomer binding · G-actin binding
receptor
GHRH receptor
A class B G-protein-coupled receptor expressed on anterior pituitary somatotrophs. Synthetic growth hormone-releasing factor analogs are characterized by their activity at this receptor.
GHRHR · Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor
receptor
Glucagon receptor
GCGR is a class B G-protein-coupled receptor. Retatrutide's LY3437943 discovery record characterizes a molecular agonist relationship at GCGR alongside GIPR and GLP-1R.
GCGR
receptor
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor
GLP-1R is a class B G-protein-coupled receptor. The cited structural and pharmacology records characterize semaglutide and retatrutide as peptide agonists at this receptor.
GLP-1R
receptor
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor
GIPR is a class B G-protein-coupled receptor. The cited discovery and trial records identify it as one of the three receptor relationships declared for retatrutide.
GIPR
receptor
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor
A G-protein-coupled receptor distinct from the GHRH receptor. Antagonist profiling reported that ipamorelin releases growth hormone through a GHRP-like receptor rather than through the GHRH receptor, establishing the two pathways as separate.
GHS-R1a · Ghrelin receptor · GHSR
receptor
Innate repair receptor
A heteromeric receptor complex reported to comprise the erythropoietin receptor together with the beta common receptor (CD131), described as distinct from the EPOR homodimer that mediates erythroid maturation. Peptides characterized as selective agonists at this complex are reported not to engage the homodimeric receptor.
IRR · EPOR/CD131 heteromer · beta common receptor complex
receptor
Kisspeptin receptor
KISS1R is a G-protein-coupled receptor historically reported as GPR54 and AXOR12. Foundational records identify KISS1-derived peptides as its endogenous ligands.
KISS1R · GPR54 · AXOR12
receptor
Melanocortin receptors
A family of five G protein-coupled receptors, MC1R through MC5R. ACTH recognition and signaling at MC2R depend on the accessory protein MRAP. Native hormones, peptide analogs and nonpeptide ligands differ in receptor-subtype recognition and functional direction; binding affinity, agonism and antagonism must be interpreted separately in the experimental system studied.
MC1R · MC2R · MC3R · MC4R · MC5R · MCR